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后端使用 AI 开发前端速成：第七期：路由、权限与页面骨架

news 2026/6/17 16:26:36

第七期：路由、权限与页面骨架

本期目标：掌握管理后台的"骨架"搭建——侧边栏、路由、登录、权限
核心理念：页面骨架是管理后台的"基础设施"，和用户列表页一样重要

第一章：管理后台骨架结构

1.1 典型骨架布局

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Logo 顶部导航栏（面包屑、用户） │ ← Header ├──────────┬──────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ 侧边栏 │ 内容区域（路由页面） │ ← Layout │ 菜单 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├──────────┴──────────────────────────┤ │ Footer │ └─────────────────────────────────────┘

1.2 骨架必备元素

元素	用途	技术实现
侧边栏菜单	页面导航	根据路由配置生成
顶部栏	面包屑、用户信息、退出	独立组件
内容区	路由页面渲染	`<router-view>`/`<Outlet>`
路由系统	URL 到页面的映射	Vue Router / React Router
路由守卫	登录拦截、权限校验	beforeEach / loader
Axios 封装	统一请求处理	拦截器

第二章：Vue Router / React Router

2.1 Vue Router 4

// router/index.tsimport{createRouter,createWebHistory}from'vue-router'constroutes=[{path:'/login',component:()=>import('../views/Login.vue'),meta:{public:true}// 公开页面，不需要登录},{path:'/',component:()=>import('../layouts/MainLayout.vue'),redirect:'/dashboard',children:[{path:'dashboard',component:()=>import('../views/Dashboard.vue'),meta:{title:'首页',icon:'HomeFilled'}},{path:'users',component:()=>import('../views/UserList.vue'),meta:{title:'用户管理',icon:'UserFilled'}},{path:'users/:id/edit',component:()=>import('../views/UserEdit.vue'),meta:{title:'编辑用户',hidden:true}// 不在菜单显示}]},{path:'/:pathMatch(.*)*',redirect:'/404'}]constrouter=createRouter({history:createWebHistory(),routes})exportdefaultrouter

2.2 React Router 6

// router/index.tsx import { createBrowserRouter, RouterProvider } from 'react-router-dom' const router = createBrowserRouter([ { path: '/login', element: <Login />, meta: { public: true } }, { path: '/', element: <MainLayout />, children: [ { path: '', element: <Navigate to="/dashboard" /> }, { path: 'dashboard', element: <Dashboard />, meta: { title: '首页', icon: 'HomeOutlined' } }, { path: 'users', element: <UserList />, meta: { title: '用户管理', icon: 'UserOutlined' } } ] }, { path: '*', element: <Navigate to="/404" /> } ]) export default router

第三章：登录页开发

3.1 Vue 登录页

<template> <div class="login-page"> <el-card class="login-card"> <h2>管理后台</h2> <el-form ref="formRef" :model="form" :rules="rules" @keyup.enter="handleLogin" > <el-form-item prop="username"> <el-input v-model="form.username" placeholder="用户名" prefix-icon="User" /> </el-form-item> <el-form-item prop="password"> <el-input v-model="form.password" type="password" placeholder="密码" prefix-icon="Lock" show-password /> </el-form-item> <el-form-item> <el-button type="primary" :loading="loading" style="width: 100%" @click="handleLogin" > 登录 </el-button> </el-form-item> </el-form> </el-card> </div> </template> <script setup lang="ts"> import { ref, reactive } from 'vue' import { useRouter } from 'vue-router' import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus' import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user' import request from '@/utils/request' const router = useRouter() const userStore = useUserStore() const loading = ref(false) const formRef = ref() const form = reactive({ username: '', password: '' }) const rules = { username: [{ required: true, message: '请输入用户名' }], password: [{ required: true, message: '请输入密码' }] } const handleLogin = async () => { await formRef.value?.validate() loading.value = true try { const { data } = await request.post('/api/login', form) userStore.setToken(data.token) userStore.setUserInfo(data.userInfo) ElMessage.success('登录成功') router.push('/') } catch (error) { ElMessage.error('登录失败') } finally { loading.value = false } } </script> <style scoped> .login-page { height: 100vh; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); } .login-card { width: 360px; } </style>

第四章：路由守卫与权限控制

4.1 Vue 路由守卫

// router/index.tsimport{useUserStore}from'@/stores/user'// 路由守卫（类似后端拦截器）router.beforeEach((to,from,next)=>{constuserStore=useUserStore()consttoken=userStore.token// 不需要登录的页面直接放行if(to.meta?.public){next()return}// 未登录跳转登录页if(!token){next('/login')return}// 已登录但不能访问该页面（权限校验）constrequiredRoles=to.meta?.rolesasstring[]if(requiredRoles&&!requiredRoles.includes(userStore.userInfo?.role)){next('/403')return}next()})

4.2 React 路由守卫

// 使用 Outlet + 条件渲染 import { Navigate, Outlet } from 'react-router-dom' import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/userStore' function AuthGuard() { const { isLoggedIn } = useUserStore() return isLoggedIn ? <Outlet /> : <Navigate to="/login" replace /> } function PermissionGuard({ roles }: { roles: string[] }) { const { userInfo } = useUserStore() const hasPermission = roles.includes(userInfo?.role) return hasPermission ? <Outlet /> : <Navigate to="/403" replace /> } // 路由配置 { path: '/', element: <AuthGuard />, // 先检查登录 children: [ { path: 'admin', element: <PermissionGuard roles={['admin']} />, // 再检查权限 children: [ { path: '', element: <AdminPage /> } ] } ] }

第五章：布局组件——侧边栏 + 顶部栏

5.1 Vue 布局组件

<template> <el-container class="layout"> <!-- 侧边栏 --> <el-aside width="200px" class="sidebar"> <div class="logo">管理后台</div> <el-menu :default-active="activeMenu" router background-color="#001529" text-color="#fff" active-text-color="#409EFF" > <el-menu-item index="/dashboard"> <el-icon><HomeFilled /></el-icon> <span>首页</span> </el-menu-item> <el-menu-item index="/users"> <el-icon><UserFilled /></el-icon> <span>用户管理</span> </el-menu-item> </el-menu> </el-aside> <el-container> <!-- 顶部栏 --> <el-header class="header"> <breadcrumb /> <div class="user-info"> <span>{{ userStore.userName }}</span> <el-button type="text" @click="handleLogout">退出</el-button> </div> </el-header> <!-- 内容区 --> <el-main class="main"> <router-view /> </el-main> </el-container> </el-container> </template> <script setup> import { computed } from 'vue' import { useRoute, useRouter } from 'vue-router' import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user' const route = useRoute() const router = useRouter() const userStore = useUserStore() const activeMenu = computed(() => route.path) const handleLogout = () => { userStore.logout() router.push('/login') } </script>

5.2 动态菜单

// 根据路由配置生成菜单constmenuRoutes=router.getRoutes().filter(r=>r.meta?.title&&!r.meta?.hidden).map(r=>({path:r.path,title:r.meta.title,icon:r.meta.icon}))

第六章：Axios 封装实战

6.1 请求封装

// utils/request.tsimportaxiosfrom'axios'import{ElMessage}from'element-plus'import{useUserStore}from'@/stores/user'importrouterfrom'@/router'constrequest=axios.create({baseURL:import.meta.env.VITE_API_BASE_URL||'/api',timeout:10000})// 请求拦截器request.interceptors.request.use((config)=>{consttoken=useUserStore().tokenif(token){config.headers.Authorization=`Bearer${token}`}returnconfig},(error)=>Promise.reject(error))// 响应拦截器request.interceptors.response.use((response)=>{const{code,data,message}=response.dataif(code===200){returndata}ElMessage.error(message||'请求失败')returnPromise.reject(newError(message))},(error)=>{if(error.response?.status===401){useUserStore().logout()router.push('/login')ElMessage.error('登录已过期')}else{ElMessage.error(error.response?.data?.message||'网络错误')}returnPromise.reject(error)})exportdefaultrequest

6.2 React 版本

// utils/request.tsimportaxiosfrom'axios'import{message}from'antd'import{useUserStore}from'@/stores/userStore'constrequest=axios.create({baseURL:import.meta.env.VITE_API_BASE_URL,timeout:10000})request.interceptors.request.use((config)=>{consttoken=useUserStore.getState().tokenif(token){config.headers.Authorization=`Bearer${token}`}returnconfig})request.interceptors.response.use((response)=>{const{code,data,message:msg}=response.dataif(code===200)returndata message.error(msg||'请求失败')returnPromise.reject(newError(msg))},(error)=>{if(error.response?.status===401){useUserStore.getState().logout()window.location.href='/login'message.error('登录已过期')}else{message.error(error.response?.data?.message||'网络错误')}returnPromise.reject(error)})exportdefaultrequest