C++智能指针与内存安全管理

C++智能指针与内存安全管理

智能指针是现代C++中管理动态内存的首选工具。unique_ptr提供独占所有权，shared_ptr通过引用计数实现共享所有权，weak_ptr解决循环引用问题。使用智能指针可以完全避免内存泄漏和悬空指针。

unique_ptr是独占所有权的智能指针，拥有最小的运行时开销。

#include
#include
#include
#include

class Resource {
int id_;
std::string name_;
public:
Resource(int id, const std::string& name) : id_(id), name_(name) {
std::cout << "Resource " << id_ << " (" << name_ << ") created\n";
}
~Resource() {
std::cout << "Resource " << id_ << " (" << name_ << ") destroyed\n";
}
void display() const {
std::cout << "Resource ID: " << id_ << ", Name: " << name_ << "\n";
}
};

void unique_ptr_example() {
auto ptr1 = std::make_unique(1, "Alpha");
ptr1->display();

auto ptr2 = std::move(ptr1);
if (!ptr1) {
std::cout << "ptr1 is null after move\n";
}
ptr2->display();

std::vector> resources;
resources.push_back(std::make_unique(2, "Beta"));
resources.push_back(std::make_unique(3, "Gamma"));

for (const auto& res : resources) {
res->display();
}
}

shared_ptr使用引用计数管理共享所有权。

void shared_ptr_example() {
auto sp1 = std::make_shared(10, "Shared1");
std::cout << "Reference count: " << sp1.use_count() << "\n";

{
auto sp2 = sp1;
std::cout << "Reference count in scope: " << sp1.use_count() << "\n";
}

std::cout << "Reference count after scope: " << sp1.use_count() << "\n";
}

weak_ptr不增加引用计数，用于打破循环引用。

struct TreeNode {
int value;
std::unique_ptr left;
std::unique_ptr right;
TreeNode* parent;

explicit TreeNode(int v) : value(v), parent(nullptr) {
std::cout << "Node " << value << " created\n";
}

~TreeNode() {
std::cout << "Node " << value << " destroyed\n";
}
};

void tree_example() {
auto root = std::make_unique(1);
auto left = std::make_unique(2);
auto right = std::make_unique(3);

left->parent = root.get();
right->parent = root.get();
root->left = std::move(left);
root->right = std::move(right);
}

enable_shared_from_this允许对象生成自身的shared_ptr。

class AsyncOp : public std::enable_shared_from_this {
int id_;
public:
explicit AsyncOp(int id) : id_(id) {}

void start() {
std::cout << "Operation " << id_ << " started\n";
auto self = shared_from_this();
std::thread([self]() {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
std::cout << "Operation completed\n";
}).detach();
}
};

void enable_shared_demo() {
auto op = std::make_shared(42);
op->start();
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));
}

自定义删除器扩展智能指针功能。

struct FileDeleter {
void operator()(FILE* fp) const {
if (fp) {
std::fclose(fp);
std::cout << "File closed by custom deleter\n";
}
}
};

void custom_deleter_demo() {
std::unique_ptr file(std::fopen("test.txt", "w"));
if (file) {
std::fprintf(file.get(), "Smart pointer with deleter\n");
}
}

智能指针的线程安全性。

void thread_safety_demo() {
auto shared = std::make_shared(0);
std::vector threads;

for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
threads.emplace_back([shared]() {
for (int j = 0; j < 1000; ++j) {
auto local = std::atomic_ref(*shared);
local.fetch_add(1);
}
});
}

for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
std::cout << "Final value: " << *shared << "\n";
}

void circular_reference_problem() {
struct Node {
std::shared_ptr next;
~Node() { std::cout << "Node destroyed\n"; }
};

auto a = std::make_shared();
auto b = std::make_shared();
a->next = b;
b->next = a;
}

make_shared和make_unique的效率和安全性优势。

void make_functions() {
auto ptr = std::make_unique(42);
auto sptr = std::make_shared(3.14159);

int* raw = new int(10);
std::unique_ptr smart(raw);

auto better = std::make_unique(10);
std::cout << *ptr << ", " << *sptr << ", " << *better << "\n";
}

智能指针的大小和性能特征。

void size_comparison() {
std::cout << "Raw pointer size: " << sizeof(int*) << " bytes\n";
std::cout << "unique_ptr size: " << sizeof(std::unique_ptr) << " bytes\n";
std::cout << "shared_ptr size: " << sizeof(std::shared_ptr) << " bytes\n";
}

智能指针是现代C++中替代原始指针的安全选择，正确使用可以完全避免内存泄漏。


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